THE GEOGRAPHER ONLINE

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    • Part 1: Geographical Themes >
      • Option B: Oceans and coastal margins >
        • 1. Ocean–atmosphere interactions
        • 2. Interactions between oceans and coastal places
        • 3. Managing coastal margins
        • 4. Ocean management futures
      • Option D: Geophysical Hazards >
        • 1. Geophysical systems
        • 2. Geophysical hazard risks
        • 3. Hazard risk and vulnerability
        • 4. Future resilience and adaptation
    • Part 2: Core Units (SL&HL) >
      • Unit 1: Changing Population >
        • 1. Population and economic development patterns
        • 2. Changing Populations and Places
        • 3. Challenges and opportunities
      • Unit 2: Global climate—vulnerability and resilience >
        • 1. Causes of global climate change
        • 2. Consequences of global climate change
        • 3. Responding to global climate change
      • Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security >
        • 1: Global trends in consumption
        • 2: Impacts of changing trends in resource consumption
        • 3: Resource stewardship
    • Part 3: HL Core Extensions >
      • Unit 4: Power, places and networks >
        • 1. Global interactions and global power
      • Unit 5: Human development and diversity
      • Unit 6: Global risks and resilience
    • Internal Assessment
    • Why should I study IB Geography?
  • IB Geography (Old Syllabus)
    • IB Core >
      • 1. Populations in Transition
      • 2. Disparities in Wealth and Development
      • 3. Patterns in Environmental Quality and Sustainability
      • 4. Patterns in Resource Consumption
    • Part 1: Geographical Themes >
      • Oceans and their Coastal Margins
      • Hazards and disasters - risk assessment and response
      • Freshwater - issues and conflicts
      • Urban Environments
    • Global Interactions - HL >
      • Measuring Global Interactions
      • Changing Space - The Shrinking world
      • Economic Interactions and Flows
      • Environmental Change
      • Sociocultural Exchanges
      • Political Outcomes
      • Global Interactions at the Local Level
    • IB Guidance >
      • Syllabus Guidance
      • IB Examination Guidance
    • Extended Essay
  • IGCSE Geography
    • Theme 1: Population and settlement >
      • Population Dynamics
      • Migration
      • Settlements
      • Urban Settlements
      • Urbanisation
    • Theme 2: The natural environment >
      • Plate Tectonics
      • Coasts
      • Rivers
      • Weather and Climate
      • Climate and Ecosystems
    • Theme 3: Economic development >
      • Development
      • Food Production
      • Industry
      • Energy
      • Tourism
      • Water
      • Environmental Risks of Economic development
    • GCSE Key Terms
    • GCSE Coursework
    • Alternative to Coursework
    • IGCSE Geography Examination Advice
    • IGCSE Revision Games
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    • Year 6 >
      • My Place
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    • Year 7 >
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    • Year 8 >
      • Maps Introduction
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      • Economic Activity
      • Biomes
    • Year 9 >
      • Map Skills - review
      • Development
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      • Tourism
      • Paradise lost - Tourism in Thailand
  • AS Level Geography
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    • Crowded Coasts
  • Geography Skills
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  • YouTube Channel
  • Essential computer programs


What is development?

Key terms
  • Development geography: refers to the standard of living and quality of life of its human inhabitants. In this context, development is a process of change that affects people's lives. It may involve an improvement in the quality of life as perceived by the people undergoing change. However, development is not always a positive process.
  • Quality of life: the standard of health, comfort, and happiness experienced by an individual or group.

  • Economic development: is a measure of a country's wealth and how it is generated (for example agriculture is considered less economically advanced then banking).
  • Human development: measures the access the population has to wealth, jobs, education, nutrition, health, leisure and safety - as well as political and cultural freedom. Material elements, such as wealth and nutrition, are described as the standard of living. Health and leisure are often referred to as quality of life.

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Watch the following two YouTubes and make a list of some ways that we can measure a country's development.
How we measure development from Steven Heath
How we measure development
File Size: 41 kb
File Type: pptx
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What is a composite index?

Composite development index: measures more than one variable. It do not just consider GDP per capita but will also consider for example Education. These are considered to be more accurate that looking at a single factor because they can take into account a variety of socio-economic indicators and therefore no single factor can 'tip the scales'. 
Human Development Index (HDI)
A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' levels of social and economic development based on four criteria: Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita. The HDI makes it possible to track changes in development levels over time and to compare development levels in different countries.
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Human Development Index
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Click to view interactive map of HDI
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Gapminder HDi

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Explain how the Development of a country can be measured [5]

Disparities

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Global North and South
More Economically Developed Country (MEDC): is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. 
Less Economically Developed Country (LEDC): a non industrialized poor country that is seeking to develop
its resources by industrialization
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Create a spider diagram outlining what affects a country's development.
Physical factors

Climate
Many of the poorest countries are in the tropics, where it is hot, the land is less fertile, water is scarce, and diseases flourish.

Natural resources
Some raw materials are valuable and can help a country develop if they have the resources to collect and process them, eg oil, diamonds, forests and gold.

Location
Being near trade routes and having access to the sea, eg ports have been important for trade. Landlocked countries are at a disadvantage.

Natural hazards
Some places are vulnerable to natural disasters, eg Haiti is located in an area prone to earthquakes and hurricanes.

Political factors 

Trade
Goods are traded on a global scale but it is difficult for poor countries to compete. Some believe the rules of trade are unfair. Rich countries can raise tariff barriers to stop cheap imports undercutting their own goods. In the past some countries made money by colonisin gother countries and using their raw materials to produce manufactured goods.

Corruption/poor management
Countries need strong, stable and honest 
leaders to help them develop.

War
Wars use up resources and make it difficult to produce goods and trade.

Social factors 

Discrimination
Some groups may have less opportunities and this can hold back overall development, eg if women are not educated to the same standard as men.

Population
Overpopulation occurs where population growth outstrips resources.


Different sections of Employment
Primary Secondary Tertiary and Quaternary

This section has already been covered in Industry
IGCSE Industry
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Globalisation

Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming interconnected as a result of trade and cultural exchange. 

Globalisation has resulted in:
  • increased international trade
  • a company operating in more than one country
  • greater dependence on the global economy
  • freer movement of capital, goods, and services
  • recognition of companies such as McDonalds and Starbucks in LEDCs
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​Using the document below:

Explain why globalisation has occurred [5]
Main reasons that have caused globalisation
File Size: 14 kb
File Type: docx
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Is Globalisation good or bad?

You will be divided up into groups [For or Against Globalisation]. 

Task:
  1. Prepare for a debate on Globalisation.
  2. Create a Coggle [with images] outlining your key arguments.



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Case Study:
Nike - a transnational corporation
  1. What is Nike - Brief overview
  2. How is Nike a Transnational Corporation (TNC). Examine where the raw materials come from, where their factories are and where they sell their goods.
  3. Why does Nike have its factors of production Globalized?
  4. What positive and negative impacts has Nike had on the world (Look closely at China and South East Asia)
Nike
Nike, the world’s largest maker of athletic shoes, does not make any clothes or shoes itself. It contracts out production to South Korean and Taiwanese companies. These companies operate not only in their home countries but also in lower wage economies such as the Philippines and Vietnam. Nike’s expertise is in design, development, marketing and sales. In 2001 Nike’s total sales were $9.5 billion with profits of $590 million (6.2% of sales). Phil Knight, co-founder and chief executive, is the public face of the company. Figure 6 is a profile of Knight’s role in the development of the company. The figures supplied by Nike for its cost/price chain are as follows:
• Contractors are paid an average of $18 a shoe by Nike. This is made up of $11 for materials, $2 for labour, $4 for other costs, and $1 for profit.
• Nike sells the shoes to retailers for $36. The mark up of 100% accounts for the costs of design, research and development, marketing, advertising, shipping, production management, other sales and business costs, taxes and of course a profit.
• Retailers mark up another 100% to $72 (on average) to cover wages, shrinkage, insurance, advertising, supplies and services, depreciation, taxes and profit.

​Nike currently produces its products in more than 800 contract factories, employing more than 600,000 people, in more than 50 countries throughout the world, including the United States. In mid-2003 Nike paid $305 million to acquire retro shoemaker Converse. Most large transnationals grow by acquiring other businesses as well as generating their own growth.
nike_case_study.pdf
File Size: 8842 kb
File Type: pdf
Download File

www.thegeographeronline.net
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The Geographer Online is an educational website aimed at providing geography teaching resources for all levels. 
Created and Developed by: Steven Heath

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Creative Commons Licence
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
  • Home
    • How to make a website: Tools and experiences
    • Maps and Regions
    • Travel Photographs and Videos
    • Live: Global Hazards and Disasters
    • Geography in the news
    • The Big Geography Challenge
  • New IB Geography 2017 onwards
    • IB Geography Introduction
    • Part 1: Geographical Themes >
      • Option B: Oceans and coastal margins >
        • 1. Ocean–atmosphere interactions
        • 2. Interactions between oceans and coastal places
        • 3. Managing coastal margins
        • 4. Ocean management futures
      • Option D: Geophysical Hazards >
        • 1. Geophysical systems
        • 2. Geophysical hazard risks
        • 3. Hazard risk and vulnerability
        • 4. Future resilience and adaptation
    • Part 2: Core Units (SL&HL) >
      • Unit 1: Changing Population >
        • 1. Population and economic development patterns
        • 2. Changing Populations and Places
        • 3. Challenges and opportunities
      • Unit 2: Global climate—vulnerability and resilience >
        • 1. Causes of global climate change
        • 2. Consequences of global climate change
        • 3. Responding to global climate change
      • Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security >
        • 1: Global trends in consumption
        • 2: Impacts of changing trends in resource consumption
        • 3: Resource stewardship
    • Part 3: HL Core Extensions >
      • Unit 4: Power, places and networks >
        • 1. Global interactions and global power
      • Unit 5: Human development and diversity
      • Unit 6: Global risks and resilience
    • Internal Assessment
    • Why should I study IB Geography?
  • IB Geography (Old Syllabus)
    • IB Core >
      • 1. Populations in Transition
      • 2. Disparities in Wealth and Development
      • 3. Patterns in Environmental Quality and Sustainability
      • 4. Patterns in Resource Consumption
    • Part 1: Geographical Themes >
      • Oceans and their Coastal Margins
      • Hazards and disasters - risk assessment and response
      • Freshwater - issues and conflicts
      • Urban Environments
    • Global Interactions - HL >
      • Measuring Global Interactions
      • Changing Space - The Shrinking world
      • Economic Interactions and Flows
      • Environmental Change
      • Sociocultural Exchanges
      • Political Outcomes
      • Global Interactions at the Local Level
    • IB Guidance >
      • Syllabus Guidance
      • IB Examination Guidance
    • Extended Essay
  • IGCSE Geography
    • Theme 1: Population and settlement >
      • Population Dynamics
      • Migration
      • Settlements
      • Urban Settlements
      • Urbanisation
    • Theme 2: The natural environment >
      • Plate Tectonics
      • Coasts
      • Rivers
      • Weather and Climate
      • Climate and Ecosystems
    • Theme 3: Economic development >
      • Development
      • Food Production
      • Industry
      • Energy
      • Tourism
      • Water
      • Environmental Risks of Economic development
    • GCSE Key Terms
    • GCSE Coursework
    • Alternative to Coursework
    • IGCSE Geography Examination Advice
    • IGCSE Revision Games
  • Key Stage 3
    • Year 6 >
      • My Place
      • Rivers
      • Brazil
    • Year 7 >
      • Maps and the world
      • Rocky Landscapes
      • Settlement
      • Weather & Climate
    • Year 8 >
      • Maps Introduction
      • Plate Tectonics
      • Economic Activity
      • Biomes
    • Year 9 >
      • Map Skills - review
      • Development
      • Coasts
      • Tourism
      • Paradise lost - Tourism in Thailand
  • AS Level Geography
    • World at Risk
    • Crowded Coasts
  • Geography Skills
  • Donations & Contact
  • YouTube Channel
  • Essential computer programs