THE GEOGRAPHER ONLINE

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  • New IB Geography 2017 onwards
    • IB Geography Introduction
    • Part 1: Geographical Themes >
      • Option B: Oceans and coastal margins >
        • 1. Ocean–atmosphere interactions
        • 2. Interactions between oceans and coastal places
        • 3. Managing coastal margins
        • 4. Ocean management futures
      • Option D: Geophysical Hazards >
        • 1. Geophysical systems
        • 2. Geophysical hazard risks
        • 3. Hazard risk and vulnerability
        • 4. Future resilience and adaptation
    • Part 2: Core Units (SL&HL) >
      • Unit 1: Changing Population >
        • 1. Population and economic development patterns
        • 2. Changing Populations and Places
        • 3. Challenges and opportunities
      • Unit 2: Global climate—vulnerability and resilience >
        • 1. Causes of global climate change
        • 2. Consequences of global climate change
        • 3. Responding to global climate change
      • Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security >
        • 1: Global trends in consumption
        • 2: Impacts of changing trends in resource consumption
        • 3: Resource stewardship
    • Part 3: HL Core Extensions >
      • Unit 4: Power, places and networks >
        • 1. Global interactions and global power
      • Unit 5: Human development and diversity
      • Unit 6: Global risks and resilience
    • Internal Assessment
    • Why should I study IB Geography?
  • IB Geography (Old Syllabus)
    • IB Core >
      • 1. Populations in Transition
      • 2. Disparities in Wealth and Development
      • 3. Patterns in Environmental Quality and Sustainability
      • 4. Patterns in Resource Consumption
    • Part 1: Geographical Themes >
      • Oceans and their Coastal Margins
      • Hazards and disasters - risk assessment and response
      • Freshwater - issues and conflicts
      • Urban Environments
    • Global Interactions - HL >
      • Measuring Global Interactions
      • Changing Space - The Shrinking world
      • Economic Interactions and Flows
      • Environmental Change
      • Sociocultural Exchanges
      • Political Outcomes
      • Global Interactions at the Local Level
    • IB Guidance >
      • Syllabus Guidance
      • IB Examination Guidance
    • Extended Essay
  • IGCSE Geography
    • Theme 1: Population and settlement >
      • Population Dynamics
      • Migration
      • Settlements
      • Urban Settlements
      • Urbanisation
    • Theme 2: The natural environment >
      • Plate Tectonics
      • Coasts
      • Rivers
      • Weather and Climate
      • Climate and Ecosystems
    • Theme 3: Economic development >
      • Development
      • Food Production
      • Industry
      • Energy
      • Tourism
      • Water
      • Environmental Risks of Economic development
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    • Alternative to Coursework
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      • Map Skills - review
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      • Paradise lost - Tourism in Thailand
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Measuring Global Interacations


Index

1. Global Participation
2. Global Core and Periphery
3. So how useful is Globalisation?

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Global Participation

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Watch the following two YouTubes and make notes on:
  • What is Globalisation?
  • What are some of that factors that characterize it?

What is Globalisation 
The term Globalization (or globalisation) refers to processes of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph and its posterity the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities.
Though several scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times, others trace its history long before the European age of discovery and voyages to the New World. Some even trace the origins to the third millennium BCE. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the connectedness of the world's economies and cultures grew very quickly.
The term globalization has been increasing use since the mid-1980s and especially since the mid-1990s.[6] In 2000, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people and the dissemination of knowledge.  Further, environmental challenges such as climate change, cross-boundary water, air pollution, and over-fishing of the ocean are linked with globalization. Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization, economics, socio-cultural resources, and the natural environment.

Adapted from Wikipedia

Key Terms
  • Globalisation: The growing interdependence of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of capital (IB definition).

  • Internationalism: The extension of economic activities across national boundaries. This is often referred to as the stage before globalization.

  • Glocalisation: When TNCs adapt their products to suit the local market place e.g. McDonald in India won't sell beef and in the Middle East they won't sell pork because of the religious beliefs of locals.

  • Grobalisation: The imperialistic ambitions of nations, corporations and organisations to impose themselves on various geographic areas. 

  • Nationalism: Refers to an ideology, a sentiment, a form of culture, or a social movement that focuses on the nation.
  • Global Village: The term global village was popularised by Marshall McLuhan in 1962. He used it to refer to how the world had been contracted into a village by electric technology. 

  • Homogenisation: The process of everything become the same. Critics of globalisation say that globalisation is making the world more homogenised.

  • Cultural Diversity: The increased variety of different cultures from around the world e.g. different foods, music, film, etc.

  • Disneyfication, Mcdonaldisation, Toyotarisation: Various TNC names have been used to describe the process of globalisation and that particular company taking over a large share of the global market place.

  • Anti-capitalism: A broad term that is given to any challenge to capitalism.



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Read through the following Geofile on Globalisation and then fill in the work sheet
172_challenge_of_globalisation.pdf
File Size: 122 kb
File Type: pdf
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advantages_and_disadvantages_of_globalisation.docx
File Size: 18 kb
File Type: docx
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The KOF index of Globalisation


The KOF index is a score each country is given out of 100, the higher the number the more Globalised the country is considered to be. 

The KOF Index of Globalization measures the three main dimensions of globalization:
  • economic
  • social
  • and political.
In addition to three indices measuring these dimensions, we calculate an overall index of globalization and sub-indices referring to
  • actual economic flows
  • economic restrictions
  • data on information flows
  • data on personal contact
  • and data on cultural proximity.
To view the actual weighting of each variable download the following document:
2011_kof_globalisation_index_variables.pdf
File Size: 9 kb
File Type: pdf
Download File


Kof index of globalisation from Steven Heath
kof_index_of_globalisation.pptx
File Size: 975 kb
File Type: pptx
Download File


How useful is the KOF index?

Although the KOF index can give us an idea of overall globalization, it has got some critics, particularly about the accuracy and relevancy of the data. Criticisms include:
  • Measures like international letters per capita are very dated. Most people now use e-mail because it is quicker and cheaper. Also trade in newspapers is slightly dated, more and more people now access there news via the internet. Again trade in books is also becoming dated as more people buy e-books or visit libraries and borrow.
  • Anything to do with trade can be hard to measure because many countries do not know the true size of their informal economy (black market). Many black markets are actually involved in globalized trade e.g. human trafficking, smuggling of wild animals and drugs.
  • Measuring foreign populations can be hard because of inaccurate record keeping and illegal immigrants. Countries like the US have millions of unaccounted immigrants.
  • It is hard to calculate the true number of internet users. Many people don't have a home computer but access the internet at their workplace or in internet cafes.
  • Some countries are small and don't have many embassies and instead rely on embassies and consulates in neighbouring countries e.g. Monaco will use embassies in France, other countries share embassies e.g. Commonwealth countries like New Zealand and Australia
  • Some countries choose to stay neutral and not join international organisations e.g. Switzerland - this does not mean they are any less globalized.
  • Some countries have a large number of domestic tourists, but not many international. In large countries domestic tourists can actually be very ethnically and culturally diverse, but this is not recognised. (Greenfield Geography)

There is also an argument whether it is good or bad to be at the top or bottom of the globalisation list. Some people may say it is good because there is cultural diversity and that you have access to people and products from around the world. Others may argue that this is a bad thing because your culture is being lost and that your country is possibly becoming more homogenised.

Make a note of some examples of where countries are on the KOF globalization index - Chose 2 high, 2 middle and 2 low examples (give the countries their score)

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View the SlideShare showing the KOF index over the years and discuss the changes.
geographyalltheway.com - IB Geography - Global Interactions: KOF Index of Globalization from geographyalltheway.com


Global Core and Periphery

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Introductory discussion on Facebook and where people friend each other from. What patterns can you see?
What has happened to China?

Globalisation through images. BBC Global flight paths. 
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Core and Periphery

 The world can be perceived as a core / periphery dichotomy where core countries are characterized by high levels of development, a capacity at innovation and a convergence of trade flows. The core has a level of dominance over the periphery which is reflected in trade and transportation. Accessibility is higher within the elements of the core than within the periphery. Most of high level economic activities and innovations are located at the core, with the periphery subjugated to those processes at various levels. This pattern was particularly prevalent during the colonial era where the development of transport systems in the developing world mainly favored the accessibility of core countries to the resources and markets of the periphery, a situation that endured until the 1960s and 1970s. The semi-periphery has a higher level of autonomy and has been the object of significant improvements in economic development (China, Brazil, Malaysia, etc.). The accessibility of the semi-periphery also improved, permitting the exploitation of its comparative advantages in labor and resources.

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IB Style Question:
Describe the location of the global core. Use the maps below.

Global core and periphery from Steven Heath
global_core_and_periphery.pptx
File Size: 1235 kb
File Type: pptx
Download File


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Print and discuss the various characteristics of the Core and Periphery. Why do the characteristics of the periphery slow down the development of these regions? Annotate your handout.
Characteristics of the Core and Periphery
Core
  • High foreign direct investment (FDI)
  • High employment and high wages
  • High levels of communications and technology e.g. internet and mobile network
  • High literacy and skills rates
  • Net migration gain
  • Larger secondary and tertiary economy
  • Good electricity, water and gas supplies
  • Good quality housing
  • Wide variety of entertainment e.g. cinemas, museums, etc.
  • Cultural diversity (sport, music, religion, language, food, dress, etc.)

Physical Factors - Core
  • Coastline
  • Available resources e.g. coal in Australia
  • Close to other developed countries e.g. Europe and North America
  • Stable climate (not to hot or to cold) e.g. Western Europe
  • Areas of flat land that make construction easy e.g. East coast of US and SE of England
Human Factors -Core
  • Good transport links e.g. International airport (London Heathrow)
  • Good education system. Renowned academic and research universities e.g. Cambridge and Oxford in the UK and the Ivy League universities in the US
  • Good medical care so that there are low death rates and high life expectancy - free from major diseases
  • Good international relations e.g. member of international organisations like NATO and OECD
  • Stable democracy free from conflict
  • Government policy e.g the development on enterprise zones or export processing zones that encourage FDI
Periphery
  • Disinvestment
  • Net migration loss
  • Unemployment
  • Low levels of literacy and small skills base
  • Large primary sector economy - maybe a large number of subsistence farmers
  • Water and electricity shortages - possible reliance on fuelwood
  • Poor levels of communications
  • poor housing - often informal settlements
  • Traditional lifestyle/culture (lack of cultural mix)
  • Little international cultural or sporting facilities

Physical Factors - Periphery
  • Landlocked (no coastline) e.g. Rwanda and Uganda
  • Mountainous e.g. Bolivia and Nepal
  • Very hot (arid desert environment) e.g. Mali
  • Very cold (permafrost)
  • Infertile land e.g. The Sahel
  • No resources
  • Regular suffer from devastating natural disasters e.g. Bangladesh and flooding or famine in East Africa
Human Factors - Periphery
  • Poor education system often resulting in high levels of illiteracy.
  • Poor healthcare leading to high death rates and low life expectancy. Possibly high rates of diseases like HIV and malaria.
  • Lack of democracy and kleptocratic government. No accountability for government officials
  • Large levels of debt
  • Frequent conflicts e.g. Somalia
  • Possible exploitation from previous colonial power
Within countries sometimes urban areas develop as the core and rural areas as the periphery. Urban areas may experience urbanisation and urban growth because of rural-urban migration and rural areas may experience rural depopulation and service decline.


So How Useful is Globalisation?


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Created and Developed by: Steven Heath

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  • Home
    • How to make a website: Tools and experiences
    • Maps and Regions
    • Travel Photographs and Videos
    • Live: Global Hazards and Disasters
    • Geography in the news
    • The Big Geography Challenge
  • New IB Geography 2017 onwards
    • IB Geography Introduction
    • Part 1: Geographical Themes >
      • Option B: Oceans and coastal margins >
        • 1. Ocean–atmosphere interactions
        • 2. Interactions between oceans and coastal places
        • 3. Managing coastal margins
        • 4. Ocean management futures
      • Option D: Geophysical Hazards >
        • 1. Geophysical systems
        • 2. Geophysical hazard risks
        • 3. Hazard risk and vulnerability
        • 4. Future resilience and adaptation
    • Part 2: Core Units (SL&HL) >
      • Unit 1: Changing Population >
        • 1. Population and economic development patterns
        • 2. Changing Populations and Places
        • 3. Challenges and opportunities
      • Unit 2: Global climate—vulnerability and resilience >
        • 1. Causes of global climate change
        • 2. Consequences of global climate change
        • 3. Responding to global climate change
      • Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security >
        • 1: Global trends in consumption
        • 2: Impacts of changing trends in resource consumption
        • 3: Resource stewardship
    • Part 3: HL Core Extensions >
      • Unit 4: Power, places and networks >
        • 1. Global interactions and global power
      • Unit 5: Human development and diversity
      • Unit 6: Global risks and resilience
    • Internal Assessment
    • Why should I study IB Geography?
  • IB Geography (Old Syllabus)
    • IB Core >
      • 1. Populations in Transition
      • 2. Disparities in Wealth and Development
      • 3. Patterns in Environmental Quality and Sustainability
      • 4. Patterns in Resource Consumption
    • Part 1: Geographical Themes >
      • Oceans and their Coastal Margins
      • Hazards and disasters - risk assessment and response
      • Freshwater - issues and conflicts
      • Urban Environments
    • Global Interactions - HL >
      • Measuring Global Interactions
      • Changing Space - The Shrinking world
      • Economic Interactions and Flows
      • Environmental Change
      • Sociocultural Exchanges
      • Political Outcomes
      • Global Interactions at the Local Level
    • IB Guidance >
      • Syllabus Guidance
      • IB Examination Guidance
    • Extended Essay
  • IGCSE Geography
    • Theme 1: Population and settlement >
      • Population Dynamics
      • Migration
      • Settlements
      • Urban Settlements
      • Urbanisation
    • Theme 2: The natural environment >
      • Plate Tectonics
      • Coasts
      • Rivers
      • Weather and Climate
      • Climate and Ecosystems
    • Theme 3: Economic development >
      • Development
      • Food Production
      • Industry
      • Energy
      • Tourism
      • Water
      • Environmental Risks of Economic development
    • GCSE Key Terms
    • GCSE Coursework
    • Alternative to Coursework
    • IGCSE Geography Examination Advice
    • IGCSE Revision Games
  • Key Stage 3
    • Year 6 >
      • My Place
      • Rivers
      • Brazil
    • Year 7 >
      • Maps and the world
      • Rocky Landscapes
      • Settlement
      • Weather & Climate
    • Year 8 >
      • Maps Introduction
      • Plate Tectonics
      • Economic Activity
      • Biomes
    • Year 9 >
      • Map Skills - review
      • Development
      • Coasts
      • Tourism
      • Paradise lost - Tourism in Thailand
  • AS Level Geography
    • World at Risk
    • Crowded Coasts
  • Geography Skills
  • Donations & Contact
  • YouTube Channel
  • Essential computer programs