Plate Tectonics

Plate Tectonics:
Earthquakes and Volcanoes

plate_tectonics.pdf
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Watch the above YouTube about our earth and try to give me 5 pieces of information about the structure of our planet and the processes that go on inside it.

The Earth's Structure

Crust
Solid-divided into two types, oceanic and continental.

Mantle
Solid but behaves like a liquid in some circumstances. The upper is more mobile and subject to convection currents. 1200°C

Outer Core
Liquid, consists largely of iron. It is believed that the earth’s magnetic field is generated by movements in the outer core. About 5000°C.

Inner Core
Solid consists of iron and nickel. Approximately five times more dense than surface rocks. 5500-6200°C

Complete the Earth Structure worksheet using information above.

Earth Structure Worksheet
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Complete the Plate Tectonics worksheet
You may use the diagram and interactive presentation below

Plate Tectonics Worksheet
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Convection cells in the earth

Click to follow the link.

Tectonic plates and their distribution

Using the plate distribution map create a colour code and outline the different types of plate boundaries. Mark in some important volcano and earthquake locations.

Plate distribution
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Types of Plate boundary

There are three different types of plate movement. These create five different types of boundaries.

Different types of plate boundary (movement)

Types of movement

1. Convergent

Types of boundary

Destructive
Collisional

2. Divergent

Constructive
Rift Valley

3. Transform

Conservative

plate_boundaries_student_worksheet.pdf
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plate_boundary_answer_sheet.pdf
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plate_boundary_answer_sheet.docx
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plate_boundary_student_worksheet.docx
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earthquakes.ppt
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Draw and explain the 4 types of plate boundary seen above. Diagrams need to be detailed and labelled.

Types of Volcanoes

Volcanoes are categorized in many different ways. The main ones are:

Activity level
Shape and composition

Activity Level
This looks at how long ago the volcano exhibited any sort of life.

Active: Have erupted in the last 80 years - there are about 540 of them in the world.
Dormant: Resting but which may erupt again in the future.
Extinct: Dead and will not erupt again

Note: How active a volcano is largely depends on where it is found in the world. Certain regions are more volcanically active than others, for example the Ring of Fire which runs all the way round the edges of the pacific ocean.

Create an information leaflet with labelled diagrams explaining the difference between:
(all diagrams should be hand drawn)

Composite or Stratovolcanoes
Shieldvolcano
Cinder Cone
Dome Complex

Features and Dangers of a volcano

Draw, label and define the features of a volcano.

Reduction of Risks and Advantages of living in a volcanic area

Using pages 99 - 101 of your textbook 'Complete Geography for Cambridge IGCSE' identify and explain (create a MindMap):

What are the dangers of volcanic Eruptions
What can be done to reduce the risk of volcanoes? Can we predict them?
Why do people continue to live in volcanically active areas?

Volcano Case Study

Create a detailed case study of the 1997 Soufrière Hills erruption Montserrat.
Remember that with case studies you need to remember them so do not make them overly confusing, unusual or include unnecessary detail.

A map to show location of the event and description a fact file – key facts about the event or volcano (e.g. type) – provide place specific detail
a plate boundary map – ensure plates are identified and named
a plate boundary diagram and explanation
a write-up of the effects on people (short and long term)
a write-up of the effects on the environment (short and long term)
any benefits or opportunities
the immediate response to the event – include relief from other countries
longer term responses to the event including measures taken to reduce the risk in the future.
Soufrière Hills, Montserrat
State:
1 Where Montserrat is located.
2 The name of the hills in which the volcano is situated.
3 When the volcano first showed signs of erupting.
4 How long had it been dormant for.
5 The name of the capital city that was evacuated.
6 The population of Montserrat before the volcano erupted.
7 The population of Montserrat after the volcano erupted.
8 The population in 2009.
9 The amount of aid given by the UK government.
10 The height of the tsunami caused by the 2006 eruption.

Case Study Example

Earthquakes

What is an Earthquake?

In pairs discuss the following questions and try to come up with your best answers.

What causes an earthquake?
How does it feel for a person caught in one?
What risks might you be in?
How could we measure an earthquake?
How can you protect yourself?

Earthquake: a series of vibrations induced in the earth's crust by the abruptrupture and rebound of rocks in which elastic strain has been slowly accumulating.

Explain what is an earthquake, how does it occur? (Draw a labelled diagram)
See page 88 in your Textbook (Geography 2nd Edition, Hodder)

Monitoring Eathquakes

Examine the two photographs below . What information do seismographs tell us?

Seismographs

Earthquake seismograph data

Richter scale and how much energy is released

The amount of damage done by an earthquake will depend on:

The amount of energy released
The depth of the focus - shallower earthquakes are typically more damaging
The density of population living in the area affected
How the structures have been built - anti seismic structures are more resistant
The type of bedrock - clay and sand are prone to liquifaction

Tsunami

Tsunami Diagram

Japan 2011 wave

A tsunami is also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, generally an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.

Japan before and After

Japan Earthquake and Tsunami - Case Study presentation
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Aerial footage of Earthquake

Earthquake hazards and responses

Class project:
This is an assessed piece of work (work to be completed as groups). Your task is to create a presentation covering the areas below. You will need to research this on the internet.

It will be scored out of 20 marks [5 for presentation, 5 for completeness, 10 for the content areas below)

Outline what hazards earthquakes can cause (building collapse, liquifaction, tsunamis etc - list with brief description)
Seperate the hazards into primary and secondary
What methods are available to reduce their impact (anti seismic structures, hazard mapping etc)

Possible source:
METHODS OF REDUCING EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

Play the Earthquake game

Earthquake Case Study

Create a detailed case study of 2011 Japan Earthquake and Tsunami.

A map to show location of the event and description a fact file – key facts about the event - provide place specific detail
a plate boundary map – ensure plates are identified and named
a write-up of the effects on people (short and long term)
a write-up of the effects on the environment (short and long term)
the immediate response to the event – include relief from other countries
longer term responses to the event including measures taken to reduce the risk in the future.