THE GEOGRAPHER ONLINE

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      • 2. Disparities in Wealth and Development
      • 3. Patterns in Environmental Quality and Sustainability
      • 4. Patterns in Resource Consumption
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      • Oceans and their Coastal Margins
      • Hazards and disasters - risk assessment and response
      • Freshwater - issues and conflicts
      • Urban Environments
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      • Global Interactions at the Local Level
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Plate Tectonics:
Earthquakes and Volcanoes

plate_tectonics.pdf
File Size: 164 kb
File Type: pdf
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​Watch the above YouTube about our earth and try to give me 5 pieces of information about the structure of our planet and the processes that go on inside it.


The Earth's Structure

Crust
Solid-divided into two types, oceanic and continental.

Mantle
Solid but behaves like a liquid in some circumstances. The upper is more mobile and subject to convection currents. 1200°C

Outer Core
Liquid, consists largely of iron. It is believed that the earth’s magnetic field is generated by movements in the outer core. About 5000°C. 

Inner Core
Solid consists of iron and nickel. Approximately five times more dense than surface rocks. 5500-6200°C


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​Complete the Earth Structure worksheet using information above.

Earth Structure Worksheet
File Size: 24 kb
File Type: docx
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Complete the Plate Tectonics worksheet
You may use the diagram and interactive presentation below

Plate Tectonics Worksheet
File Size: 64 kb
File Type: docx
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Convection cells in the earth
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Click to follow the link.



Tectonic plates and their distribution

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Using the plate distribution map create a colour code and outline the different types of plate boundaries. Mark in some important volcano and earthquake locations. 

Plate distribution
File Size: 718 kb
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Types of Plate boundary

There are three different types of plate movement. These create five different types of boundaries.

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Different types of plate boundary (movement)
Types of movement

1. Convergent
Types of boundary

  • Destructive
  • Collisional 

2. Divergent
  • Constructive
  • Rift Valley

3. Transform
  • Conservative

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earthquakes.ppt
File Size: 5782 kb
File Type: ppt
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Draw and explain the 4 types of plate boundary seen above. Diagrams need to be detailed and labelled. 


Types of Volcanoes

Volcanoes are categorized in many different ways. The main ones are:
  • Activity level
  • Shape and composition


Activity Level
This looks at how long ago the volcano exhibited any sort of life.
  • Active: Have erupted in the last 80 years - there are about 540 of them in the world.
  • Dormant: Resting but which may erupt again in the future.
  • Extinct: Dead and will not erupt again


Note: How active a volcano is largely depends on where it is found in the world. Certain regions are more volcanically active than others, for example the Ring of Fire which runs all the way round the edges of the pacific ocean.   
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Create an information leaflet with labelled diagrams explaining the difference between:
​(all diagrams should be hand drawn)
  • Composite or Stratovolcanoes
  • Shieldvolcano
  • Cinder Cone
  • Dome Complex

Features and Dangers of a volcano

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Draw, label and define the features of a volcano.


Reduction of Risks and Advantages of living in a volcanic area

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Using pages 99 - 101 of your textbook 'Complete Geography for Cambridge IGCSE' identify and explain (create a MindMap):
  1. What are the dangers of volcanic Eruptions
  2. What can be done to reduce the risk of volcanoes? Can we predict them?
  3. Why do people continue to live in volcanically active areas?


Volcano Case Study

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Create a detailed case study of the 1997 Soufrière Hills erruption Montserrat.
Remember that with case studies you need to remember them so do not  make them overly confusing, unusual or include unnecessary detail.​

  • A map to show location of the event and description a fact file – key facts about the event or volcano (e.g. type) – provide place specific detail
  • a plate boundary map – ensure plates are identified and named
  • a plate boundary diagram and explanation
  • a write-up of the effects on people (short and long term)
  • a write-up of the effects on the environment (short and long term)
  • any benefits or opportunities 
  • the immediate response to the event – include relief from other countries
  • longer term responses to the event including measures taken to reduce the risk in the future.
  • Soufrière Hills, Montserrat
    State:
    1 Where Montserrat is located.
    2 The name of the hills in which the volcano is situated.
    3 When the volcano first showed signs of erupting.
    4 How long had it been dormant for.
    5 The name of the capital city that was evacuated.
    6 The population of Montserrat before the volcano erupted.
    7 The population of Montserrat after the volcano erupted.
    8 The population in 2009.
    9 The amount of aid given by the UK government.
    10 The height of the tsunami caused by the 2006 eruption. ​

Case Study Example
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Earthquakes

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What is an Earthquake?
In pairs discuss the following questions and try to come up with your best answers. 
  1. What causes an earthquake?
  2. How does it feel for a person caught in one?
  3. What risks might you be in?
  4. How could we measure an earthquake?
  5. How can you protect yourself?

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Earthquake: a series of vibrations induced in the earth's crust by the abruptrupture and rebound of rocks in which elastic strain has been slowly accumulating.
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Explain what is an earthquake, how does it occur? (Draw a labelled diagram)
See page 88 in your Textbook (Geography 2nd Edition, Hodder)


Monitoring Eathquakes

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​Examine the two photographs below . What information do seismographs tell us?

Seismographs
Earthquake seismograph data
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Richter scale and how much energy is released
The amount of damage done by an earthquake will depend on:
  • The amount of energy released
  • The depth of the focus - shallower earthquakes are typically more damaging
  • The density of population living in the area affected
  • How the structures have been built - anti seismic structures are more resistant
  • The type of bedrock - clay and sand are prone to liquifaction

Tsunami

Tsunami Diagram
Japan 2011 wave
A tsunami is also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, generally an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.
Japan before and After
Japan Earthquake and Tsunami - Case Study presentation
File Size: 1486 kb
File Type: pptx
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Aerial footage of Earthquake

Earthquake hazards and responses

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Class project:  
This is an assessed piece of work (work to be completed as groups). Your task is to create a presentation covering the areas below. You will need to research this on the internet.

It will be scored out of 20 marks [5 for presentation, 5 for completeness, 10 for the content areas below)
  1. Outline what hazards earthquakes can cause (building collapse, liquifaction, tsunamis etc - list with brief description)
  2. Seperate the hazards into primary and secondary
  3. What methods are available to reduce their impact (anti seismic structures, hazard mapping etc)

Possible source:
METHODS OF REDUCING EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
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Play the Earthquake game

Earthquake Case Study

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Create a detailed case study of 2011 Japan Earthquake and Tsunami.
  • A map to show location of the event and description a fact file – key facts about the event - provide place specific detail
  • a plate boundary map – ensure plates are identified and named
  • a write-up of the effects on people (short and long term)
  • a write-up of the effects on the environment (short and long term)
  • the immediate response to the event – include relief from other countries
  • longer term responses to the event including measures taken to reduce the risk in the future.


Test Yourself - Revision

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www.thegeographeronline.net
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The Geographer Online is an educational website aimed at providing geography teaching resources for all levels. 
Created and Developed by: Steven Heath

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  • Home
    • How to make a website: Tools and experiences
    • Maps and Regions
    • Travel Photographs and Videos
    • Live: Global Hazards and Disasters
    • Geography in the news
    • The Big Geography Challenge
  • New IB Geography 2017 onwards
    • IB Geography Introduction
    • Part 1: Geographical Themes >
      • Option B: Oceans and coastal margins >
        • 1. Ocean–atmosphere interactions
        • 2. Interactions between oceans and coastal places
        • 3. Managing coastal margins
        • 4. Ocean management futures
    • Part 2: Core Units (SL&HL) >
      • Unit 1: Changing Population >
        • 1. Population and economic development patterns
        • 2. Changing Populations and Places
        • 3. Challenges and opportunities
      • Unit 2: Global climate—vulnerability and resilience >
        • 1. Causes of global climate change
        • 2. Consequences of global climate change
        • 3. Responding to global climate change
      • Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security >
        • 1: Global trends in consumption
        • 2: Impacts of changing trends in resource consumption
        • 3: Resource stewardship
    • Internal Assessment
    • Why should I study IB Geography?
  • IB Geography (Old Syllabus)
    • IB Core >
      • 1. Populations in Transition
      • 2. Disparities in Wealth and Development
      • 3. Patterns in Environmental Quality and Sustainability
      • 4. Patterns in Resource Consumption
    • Part 1: Geographical Themes >
      • Oceans and their Coastal Margins
      • Hazards and disasters - risk assessment and response
      • Freshwater - issues and conflicts
      • Urban Environments
    • Global Interactions - HL >
      • Measuring Global Interactions
      • Changing Space - The Shrinking world
      • Economic Interactions and Flows
      • Environmental Change
      • Sociocultural Exchanges
      • Political Outcomes
      • Global Interactions at the Local Level
    • IB Guidance >
      • Syllabus Guidance
      • IB Examination Guidance
    • Extended Essay
  • IGCSE Geography
    • Theme 1: Population and settlement >
      • Population Dynamics
      • Migration
      • Settlements
      • Urban Settlements
      • Urbanisation
    • Theme 2: The natural environment >
      • Plate Tectonics
      • Coasts
      • Rivers
      • Weather and Climate
      • Climate and Ecosystems
    • Theme 3: Economic development >
      • Development
      • Food Production
      • Industry
      • Energy
      • Tourism
      • Water
      • Environmental Risks of Economic development
    • GCSE Key Terms
    • GCSE Coursework
    • Alternative to Coursework
    • IGCSE Geography Examination Advice
    • IGCSE Revision Games
  • Key Stage 3
    • Year 6 >
      • My Place
      • Rivers
      • Brazil
    • Year 7 >
      • Who am I, where am I in the world?
      • Rocky Landscapes
      • Settlement
      • Coasts
    • Year 8 >
      • Maps Introduction
      • Plate Tectonics
      • Economic Activity
      • Weather & Climate
    • Year 9 >
      • Map Skills - review
      • Development
      • Biomes
      • Paradise lost - Tourism in Thailand
      • Population - China today, population and sustainability
  • AS Level Geography
    • World at Risk
    • Crowded Coasts
  • Geography Skills
  • Donations & Contact
  • YouTube Channel
  • Essential computer programs